Ion Package
Ion Package
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 Smart part ion with blackheart board package  US $250.00
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 Ion Paintball Marker Upgrades Package Freak Barrel US $87.00
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 Smart part ion dye grip US $15.00
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 Smart Parts Ion Paintball Marker US $150.00
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 Smart Parts Ion Paintball Marker Package Great Deal US $295.00
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 Azodin Kaos Digi Camo Paintball Marker Gun GxG Vest Combo US $144.95
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 Azodin Kaos Gold Black Paintball Marker Gun 9oz MEGA Combo US $119.95
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 Smart Parts Ion Paintball Gun with many upgrades extras US $500.00
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 SMART PARTS ION PACKAGE FREAK BARREL CARBON FIBER TANK US $146.50
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 Azodin Kaos Gold Black Paintball Marker Ultra Combo Package 6850 US $154.95
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 Tech T iFit 6 Piece Barrel Kit Barrel 6 Inserts Case You Pick Thread US $99.99
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 Smart Parts Ion UFD Mini Silver Black Clamping Feedneck US $16.50
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 3Skull 360 Degree Swivel Qev for Smart Parts Ion US $14.95
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 Gen X Ion Body Kit With Grips Green NIP US $14.99
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 BROKEN Ion Paintball Gun W extras US $26.00
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 paintball marker package US $300.00
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 Paintball Be oranged Smart Parts ION spring loaded ball detents US $9.95
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 Vintage Paintball Smart Parts ION QEV new in package US $14.95
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 NEW Aluminum ION Paintball Trigger Dust Black US $12.99
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 New Ion clamping Low Rise feed neck feedneck Dust Black US $7.99
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 New Paintball gun Aluminum Ion Body Red US $9.99
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 New aluminum Ion High Efficency lighter Bolt ¼ˆRed¼‰ US $11.99
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 Virtue Smart Parts Ion Epiphany EOS Laser Eyes Red US $24.95
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 Python Paintball Barrel Compression Kit Impulse Ion US $69.95
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 Smart Parts Ion Paintball Marker 50ci 3000psi Air Tank Electronic Hopper NR US $23.50
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 New Paintball gun Aluminum Ion Body Black US $12.99
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 SMART PARTS ION fire can BLUE ion paintball gun fire C US $10.00
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 Smart Parts Ion Body Kit Metallic Gold BRAND NEW US $9.95
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 DLX Luxe Paintball Gun Quick Snap Grip Screw Kit 4 Pack Set US $14.95
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 NEW ION ROLLER BEARING TRIGGER SMART PARTS ION TRIGGERNEW ION XE TRIGGER BLUE US $10.95
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 Smart Parts ION Paintball UFD Black Roller Trigger US $15.95
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 Smart Parts Ion Loaded w Extras US $375.00
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 Smart Parts Ion Paintball Gun Hose Kit New Factory Kit US $6.99
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 ION SP1 G1 SMART PARTS ION APEX2 BARREL GOG G1 APEX2 BARREL PAINTBALL APEX2 US $44.95
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 Smart Parts ION 3Skull Rake Trigger Dust Black US $14.95
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 smart parts ion boltion paintball marker boltGOG EXTCY MARKER BOLTNEW EXTCY B US $12.95
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 Azodin Kaos Black Paintball Marker Gun 9oz Basic Combo US $109.95
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 Smart Parts Blue Ion Paintball Hole Roller Trigger US $9.95
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 Virtue Smart Parts Ion Epiphany EOS Laser Eyes Blue US $24.95
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 Kila Reaction Magnetic Detents for Smart Parts ION ION XE US $14.95
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 smart parts ION BANJO FITTINGEPIPHANY MARKERION 1 8 US $8.99
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 Azodin KAOS Paintball Marker Black ER OverDrive 41 Ultra 47ci Combo 6144 US $169.95
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 Stiffi MF Carbon Fiber Paintball Barrel Ion Thread 689 US $64.00
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 Smart Parts Total Freak barrel Complete Kit ION US $149.95
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 Azodin Kaos Digi Camo Paintball Marker Gun Chest Neck Combo US $144.95
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 APEX 2 BARREL FOR sp1smart parts sp1gog g1smart parts iongog extcyenvyvibe US $44.95
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 Azodin Kaos Gold Black Paintball Marker Gun GxG Vest Combo US $134.95
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 Azodin Kaos Black Paintball Marker Gun GxG Vest Combo US $134.95
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 45 GRIP FRAME PAINTBALL AUTOCOCKER ION CLEAR US $9.99
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 BRAND NEW SMART PARTS ION BODY KIT METALLIC GOLD PAINTBALL US $8.99
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 Azodin Kaos Gold Black Paintball Marker Gun 9oz Basic Combo US $109.95
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 BRAND NEW SMART PARTS ION XE BODY KIT RAZOR BLUE PAINTBALL US $14.99
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 BRAND NEW SMART PARTS ION XE CONVERSION KIT FOR ION LAVA ORANGE US $39.99
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 BRAND NEW SMART PARTS ION XE CONVERSION KIT FOR ION TACTICAL GREEN US $39.99
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 BRAND NEW SMART PARTS ION XE BODY KIT TACTICAL GREEN PAINTBALL US $14.99
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 Proto 1 Piece Smart Parts Ion Ion XE Paintball Barrel 14 Inch Blue Dust US $34.95
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 Proto 1 Piece Smart Parts Ion Ion XE Paintball Barrel 14 Inch Red Dust US $34.95
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 TechT Paintball Gun Sav Lube 1oz Tub US $9.99
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 Azodin Kaos Gold Black Marker Gun Combat Paintball Mega Pro Package US $154.95
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 Tech T iFit 9 Piece Barrel Kit Barrel 9 Inserts Case You Pick Thread US $139.99
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 CELL BLOCK Rechargeable Batterys US $15.00
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 Virtue OLED Dye NT DM 11 Board US $199.95
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 TechT Ion L7 Paintball Bolt Replacement O Rings US $3.99
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 Proto 1 Piece Smart Parts Ion Ion XE 16 Inch Black Dust US $24.95
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 smart parts ion XE ion XE GUN SHOCKER NXT ION XE T LOCK ION XE FEEDNECK NEW US $14.95
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 Proto 1 Piece Smart Parts Ion Ion XE Paintball Barrel 14 Inch Silver Dust US $34.95
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 Smart Parts Freak Paintball Gun Barrel Complete Boremaster Kit Ion Ion XE US $149.95
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 Smart Parts Total Freak barrel Complete Kit Project Salvo US $149.95
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 Invert Mini Black Ninja 45 4500 JT Pro Flex Halo Too paintball package US $614.80
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 16 CP Barrel System Full Bore Kit Dst Blk Ion Impulse US $159.99
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 Virtue Paintball Dye NT11 DM11 OLED Upgrade Board US $194.99
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 GoG 2012 eXTCy Paintball Gun Marker w Blackheart Board Installed US $249.95
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 Azodin Kaos Grey Blue Paintball Marker Prime Combo Package 7317 US $154.95
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 Azodin Kaos Grey Blue Paintball Marker Deluxe Combo Package 7316 US $154.95
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 Azodin Kaos Grey Blue Paintball Marker Power Combo Package 7315 US $144.95
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 smart parts ION BANJO FITTINGEPIPHANY MARKERION 5 32 US $8.99
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 Custom Products Clamping Feedneck Ion Mini Gloss Black US $29.95
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 Azodin Kaos Digi Camo Paintball Marker Basic Combo Package 7171 US $124.95
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 Azodin Blitz Red Paintball Marker Basic Combo Package 7161 US $194.95
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 Azodin Kaos Grey Blue Paintball Marker Elite Combo Package 7155 US $154.95
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Is lithium-ion the ideal battery?
For many years, nickel-cadmium had been the only suitable battery for portable equipment from wireless communications to mobile computing. Nickel-metal-hydride and lithium-ion emerged In the early 1990s, fighting nose-to-nose to gain customer's acceptance. Today, lithium-ion is the fastest growing and most promising battery chemistry.
The lithium-ion battery
Pioneer work with the lithium battery began in 1912 under G.N. Lewis but it was not until the early 1970s when the first non-rechargeable lithium batteries became commercially available. lithium is the lightest of all metals, has the greatest electrochemical potential and provides the largest energy density for weight.
Attempts to develop
rechargeable lithium batteries
failed due to safety problems. Because of the inherent instability of lithium metal, especially during charging, research shifted to a non-metallic lithium battery using lithium ions. Although slightly lower in energy density than lithium metal, lithium-ion is safe, provided certain precautions are met when charging and discharging. In 1991, the Sony Corporation commercialized the first lithium-ion battery. Other manufacturers followed suit.
The energy density of lithium-ion is typically twice that of the standard nickel-cadmium. There is potential for higher energy densities. The load characteristics are reasonably good and behave similarly to nickel-cadmium in terms of discharge. The high cell voltage of 3.6 volts allows battery pack designs with only one cell. Most of today's mobile phones run on a single cell. A nickel-based pack would require three 1.2-volt cells connected in series.
Lithium-ion is a low maintenance battery, an advantage that most other chemistries cannot claim. There is no memory and no scheduled cycling is required to prolong the battery's life. In addition, the self-discharge is less than half compared to nickel-cadmium, making lithium-ion well suited for modern fuel gauge applications. lithium-ion cells cause little harm when disposed.
Despite its overall advantages, lithium-ion has its drawbacks. It is fragile and requires a protection circuit to maintain safe operation. Built into each pack, the protection circuit limits the peak voltage of each cell during charge and prevents the cell voltage from dropping too low on discharge. In addition, the cell temperature is monitored to prevent temperature extremes. The maximum charge and discharge current on most packs are is limited to between 1C and 2C. With these precautions in place, the possibility of metallic lithium plating occurring due to overcharge is virtually eliminated.
Aging is a concern with most lithium-ion batteries and many manufacturers remain silent about this issue. Some capacity deterioration is noticeable after one year, whether the battery is in use or not. The battery frequently fails after two or three years. It should be noted that other chemistries also have age-related degenerative effects. This is especially true for nickel-metal-hydride if exposed to high ambient temperatures. At the same time, lithium-ion packs are known to have served for five years in some applications.
Manufacturers are constantly improving lithium-ion. New and enhanced chemical combinations are introduced every six months or so. With such rapid progress, it is difficult to assess how well the revised battery will age.
Storage in a cool place slows the aging process of lithium-ion (and other chemistries). Manufacturers recommend storage temperatures of 15°C (59°F). In addition, the battery should be partially charged during storage. The manufacturer recommends a 40% charge.
The most economical lithium-ion battery in terms of cost-to-energy ratio is the cylindrical 18650 (18 is the diameter and 650 the length in mm). This cell is used for mobile computing and other applications that do not demand ultra-thin geometry. If a slim pack is required, the prismatic lithium-ion cell is the best choice. These cells come at a higher cost in terms of stored energy.
Advantages
- High energy density - potential for yet higher capacities.
- Does not need prolonged priming when new. One regular charge is all that's needed.
- Relatively low self-discharge - self-discharge is less than half that of nickel-based batteries.
- Low Maintenance - no periodic discharge is needed; there is no memory.
- Specialty cells can provide very high current to applications such as power tools.
Limitations
- Requires protection circuit to maintain voltage and current within safe limits.
- Subject to aging, even if not in use - storage in a cool place at 40% charge reduces the aging effect.
- Transportation restrictions - shipment of larger quantities may be subject to regulatory control. This restriction does not apply to personal carry-on batteries.
- Expensive to manufacture - about 40 percent higher in cost than nickel-cadmium.
- Not fully mature - metals and chemicals are changing on a continuing basis.
The lithium polymer battery
The lithium-polymer differentiates itself from conventional
asus a32-f5 battery
systems in the type of electrolyte used. The original design, dating back to the 1970s, uses a dry solid polymer electrolyte. This electrolyte resembles a plastic-like film that does not conduct electricity but allows ions exchange (electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms). The polymer electrolyte replaces the traditional porous separator, which is soaked with electrolyte.
The dry polymer design offers simplifications with respect to fabrication, ruggedness, safety and thin-profile geometry. With a cell thickness measuring as little as one millimeter (0.039 inches), equipment designers are left to their own imagination in terms of form, shape and size.
Unfortunately, the dry lithium-polymer suffers from poor conductivity. The internal resistance is too high and cannot deliver the current bursts needed to power modern communication devices and spin up the hard drives of mobile computing equipment. Heating the cell to 60°C (140°F) and higher increases the conductivity, a requirement that is unsuitable for portable applications.
To compromise, some gelled electrolyte has been added. The commercial cells use a separator/ electrolyte membrane prepared from the same traditional porous polyethylene or polypropylene separator filled with a polymer, which gels upon filling with the liquid electrolyte. Thus the commercial lithium-ion polymer cells are very similar in chemistry and materials to their liquid electrolyte counter parts.
Lithium-ion-polymer has not caught on as quickly as some analysts had expected. Its superiority to other systems and low manufacturing costs has not been realized. No improvements in capacity gains are achieved - in fact, the capacity is slightly less than that of the standard lithium-ion battery. Lithium-ion-polymer finds its market niche in wafer-thin geometries, such as batteries for credit cards and other such applications.
Advantages
- Very low profile - batteries resembling the profile of a credit card are feasible.
- Flexible form factor - manufacturers are not bound by standard cell formats. With high volume, any reasonable size can be produced economically.
- Lightweight - gelled electrolytes enable simplified packaging by eliminating the metal shell.
- Improved safety - more resistant to overcharge; less chance for electrolyte leakage.
Limitations
- Lower energy density and decreased cycle count compared to lithium-ion.
- Expensive to manufacture.
- No standard sizes. Most cells are produced for high volume consumer markets.
- Higher cost-to-energy ratio than lithium-ion
Restrictions on lithium content for air travel
Air travelers ask the question, "How much lithium in a battery am I allowed to bring on board?" We differentiate between two battery types: Lithium metal and lithium-ion.
Most lithium metal batteries are non-rechargeable and are used in film cameras. Lithium-ion packs are rechargeable and power laptops, cellular phones and camcorders. Both battery types, including spare packs, are allowed as carry-on but cannot exceed the following lithium content:
- 2 grams for lithium metal or lithium alloy batteries
- 8 grams for lithium-ion batteries
Lithium-ion batteries exceeding 8 grams but no more than 25 grams may be carried in carry-on baggage if individually protected to prevent short circuits and are limited to two spare batteries per person.
How do I know the lithium content of a lithium-ion battery?
From a theoretical perspective, there is no metallic lithium in a typical lithium-ion battery. There is, however, equivalent lithium content that must be considered. For a lithium-ion cell, this is calculated at 0.3 times the rated capacity (in ampere-hours).
Example:
A 2Ah 18650 Li-ion cell has 0.6 grams of lithium content. On a typical 60 Wh laptop battery with 8 cells (4 in series and 2 in parallel), this adds up to 4.8g. To stay under the 8-gram UN limit, the largest battery you can bring is 96 Wh. This pack could include 2.2Ah cells in a 12 cells arrangement (4s3p). If the 2.4Ah cell were used instead, the pack would need to be limited to 9 cells (3s3p).
Restrictions on shipment of lithium-ion batteries
- Anyone shipping lithium-ion batteries in bulk is responsible to meet transportation regulations. This applies to domestic and international shipments by land, sea and air.
- Lithium-ion cells whose equivalent lithium content exceeds 1.5 grams or 8 grams per battery pack must be shipped as "Class 9 miscellaneous hazardous material." Cell capacity and the number of cells in a pack determine the lithium content.
- Exception is given to packs that contain less than 8 grams of lithium content. If, however, a shipment contains more than 24 lithium cells or 12 lithium-ion battery packs, special markings and shipping documents will be required. Each package must be marked that it contains lithium batteries.
- All lithium-ion batteries must be tested in accordance with specifications detailed in UN 3090 regardless of lithium content (UN manual of Tests and Criteria, Part III, subsection 38.3). This precaution safeguards against the shipment of flawed batteries.
- Cells & batteries must be separated to prevent short-circuiting and packaged in strong boxes.
Article comes from:http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/is_lithium_ion_the_ideal_battery
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